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The world knows of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr and Mrs. Rosa Parks, but people know little about the events that propelled them to such fame and recognition. Rivers of Change: The Legacy of Five Unheralded Women in Montgomery and their Struggle for Justice and Dignity©” is about the struggles of five unknown women that were instrumental in starting and ending the Montgomery bus boycott. It is the story of women who reversed a U.S. Supreme Court decision.

The most often cited account of the beginning of the boycott is when Mrs. Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger and that her arrest sparked the planning and execution of the boycott. The memoirs of Mrs. Jo Ann Robinson, Mrs. Parks, and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. refute these accounts.

Also it is widely believed that the Montgomery movement was the first effort to end unequal treatment on inner city transportation by African-American women, however, history records show that women fought those battles as early as 1850. Elizabeth Jennings Graham in New York in1854, and Ida Wells Barnett, in Memphis, Tennessee in 1884.

It is also believed that the boycott ended segregated seating. Attorneys, historians, and historical records point to the class action law suit filed by the plaintiffs in Browder vs. Gayle is what ended segregated seating and signaled the end of all segregation ordinances in America.

The lawsuit brought an end to the Montgomery bus boycott, it ended segregated seating of buses in Montgomery, completely reversed the Plessy vs. Ferguson decision of 1896, and along with the Brown vs. Board decision, became the precedents used by attorneys to end all segregation ordinances in America.

(ABOVE: Attorney Fred Gray has his back to the camera, with Attorney General (and later governor) Albert Patterson shown standing in front of a flag-draped wall. (From Montgomery Advertiser files)
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